Volume 7, Issue 20 (Spring 2024)
J Altern Vet Med 2024, 7(20): 1183-1194 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Aarabi N, Hadipour M M. Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Flunixin Meglumine on Pregnancy Rate in Dairy Cows. J Altern Vet Med 2024; 7 (20) :1183-1194
URL: http://joavm.kazerun.iau.ir/article-1-174-en.html
URL: http://joavm.kazerun.iau.ir/article-1-174-en.html
1- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran , navid.aarabi@gmail,com
2- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
2- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
Abstract: (170 Views)
Background and aim: Growing infertility and a reduction in pregnancy rates are two of the most challenging issues facing modern dairy cows. Our objectives were to determine pregnancy rates, plasma progesterone concentrations, and corpus luteum (CL) numbers in high-producing dairy cows during two distinct periods (cool and warm seasons). This evaluation followed the administration of: 1) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on day 5 after AI, 2) a combined treatment with hCG on day 5 and flunixin meglumine between days 14 and 16 after AI, and 3) flunixin meglumine alone between days 14 and 16 after AI.
Materials and Methods: Cows were subjected to pre-synch programming in two experiments (cool period, n = 396) and warm period, n = 181), respectively. Environmental data in the warm period indicated that cows experienced high heat stress during the trial in the warm period (THI = 85-92). Cows in both experiments were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 received hCG, and Group 2 was given hCG on day 5 and FM on days 14–16, Group 3 was treated with FM on days 14–16, and the untreated group was the control group. Ovarian structures and serum progesterone levels were determined on days 5 and 12 after AI, respectively. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the pregnant status of cows on days 28-30.
Results: There was a significant difference in p4 concentrations 12 days after IA between groups in the cool period, in both the hCG and hCG+FM groups (p = 0.001). But the discrepancy in p4 was not observed between groups in the warm period (p = 0.7). The increase in CL for cows treated with hCG compared with control cows was greater during the cool (1.7 vs. 1.1) period compared to the warm (1.1 vs. 1.3) period (p = 0.001). In the warm season, no significant difference in pregnancy rate on day 30 between the four groups was obtained.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that administration of flunixin meglumine did not improve pregnancy rates in dairy cows during either the warm or cool seasons. Conversely, treatment with hCG on day 5 after artificial insemination induced accessory corpora lutea, increased plasma progesterone concentration, and improved pregnancy rates in dairy cows during the cool period only. None of these effects were observed during the warm period.
Materials and Methods: Cows were subjected to pre-synch programming in two experiments (cool period, n = 396) and warm period, n = 181), respectively. Environmental data in the warm period indicated that cows experienced high heat stress during the trial in the warm period (THI = 85-92). Cows in both experiments were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 received hCG, and Group 2 was given hCG on day 5 and FM on days 14–16, Group 3 was treated with FM on days 14–16, and the untreated group was the control group. Ovarian structures and serum progesterone levels were determined on days 5 and 12 after AI, respectively. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the pregnant status of cows on days 28-30.
Results: There was a significant difference in p4 concentrations 12 days after IA between groups in the cool period, in both the hCG and hCG+FM groups (p = 0.001). But the discrepancy in p4 was not observed between groups in the warm period (p = 0.7). The increase in CL for cows treated with hCG compared with control cows was greater during the cool (1.7 vs. 1.1) period compared to the warm (1.1 vs. 1.3) period (p = 0.001). In the warm season, no significant difference in pregnancy rate on day 30 between the four groups was obtained.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that administration of flunixin meglumine did not improve pregnancy rates in dairy cows during either the warm or cool seasons. Conversely, treatment with hCG on day 5 after artificial insemination induced accessory corpora lutea, increased plasma progesterone concentration, and improved pregnancy rates in dairy cows during the cool period only. None of these effects were observed during the warm period.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Livestock health and husbandry
Received: 2023/11/9 | Accepted: 2023/12/29 | Published: 2024/05/30
Received: 2023/11/9 | Accepted: 2023/12/29 | Published: 2024/05/30
References
1. Anderson KL., Neff-Davis CA., Davis LE. and Bass VD. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in lactating cattle after single and multiple intramuscular and intravenous administrations. Am J Vet Res, 1990; 51: 1464-1467. [DOI:10.2460/ajvr.1990.51.09.1464]
2. Badinga L., Collier RI. and Wilcox CJ. Effects Thatcher of climatic and management factors on conception rate of dairy cattle in subtropical environment. J Dairy Sci, 1985; 68: 78-85. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80800-6] [PMID]
3. Barker R., Riso C., Donovan GA. and Comp Cont. low palpation pregnancy rate resulting from low conception rate in a dairy herd with adequate estrus detection intensity. Edu Part Vet, 1994; 16: 801.
4. Bazer FW., Thatcher WW., Hansen PJ., Mirando MA., Ott TL. and Plante C. Physiological mechanisms of pregnancy recognition in ruminants. J Reprod Fert Suppl, 1991; 43: 39-47.
5. Breuel KF., Spitzer JC., Thompson CE. and Breuel JF. First-service pregnancy rate in beef heifers as induced by human chorionic gonadotropin administration before and/or after breeding. Theriogenology, 1990; 34-36. [DOI:10.1016/0093-691X(90)90585-H] [PMID]
6. Caraviello DZ., Weigel KA., Craven M., Gianola D., Cook NB., Nordlund KV., et al. Analysis of reproductive performance of lactating cows on large dairy farms using machine learning algorithms. J Dairy Sci, 2006; 89: 4703-4722. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72521-8] [PMID]
7. Chagas e Silva J. and Lopes da Costa L. Luteotropic influence of early bovine embryos and the relationship between plasma progesterone concentrations and embryo survival. Theriogenology, 2005; 64: 49-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.10.019] [PMID]
8. Diskin MG. and Sree Nan JM. Fertilization and embryonic mortality rates in beef heifers after artificial insemination. J Reprod Fertil, 1980; 463-468. [DOI:10.1530/jrf.0.0590463] [PMID]
9. Diskin MG. and Morris DG. Embryonic and early fetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod Domest Anim, 2008; 43(2): 260-267. [DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01171.x] [PMID]
10. Diskin MG., Murphy JJ. and Sree nan JM. Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Anim Reprod Sci, 2006; 96: 297-311. [DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.008] [PMID]
11. Dunlap SE. and Vincent CK. Effect of sex on growth performance in pigs, 1971; J Anim Sci 32:1216. [DOI:10.2527/jas1971.3261216x] [PMID]
12. Eduvie LO. and Seguin BE. Corpus luteum function and pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows given human chorionic gonadotropin at mid diestrus. Theriogenology, 1982; 17(4): [DOI:10.1016/0093-691X(82)90022-X] [PMID]
13. Eyyüp Hakan U. and Cevdet P. The Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Ketoprofen Applications on Pregnancy Rates in Dairy Cows After Artificial Insemination. Animal Health Prod and Hyg, 2023; 12(2): 36-41. [DOI:10.53913/aduveterinary.1374612]
14. Ferguson JD. Nutrition and reproduction in dairy cows. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 1991; 7: 483-508. [DOI:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30791-X] [PMID]
15. Forde N., Beltman ME., Duffy GB., Mehta JP., O'Gara P., Roche JF., et al. Changes in the endometrial transcriptome during the bovine estrous cycle: Effect of low circulating progesterone and consequences for conceptus elongation. Biol Reprod, 2011; 84: 266-278. [DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.110.085910] [PMID]
16. Fricke PM., Reynolds LP. and Redmer DA. Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin administered early in the estrous cycle on ovulation and subsequent luteal function in cows. J Anim Sci, 1993; 71: 1242. [DOI:10.2527/1993.7151242x] [PMID]
17. Gaja AO., Hamana K., Kubota C. and Kojima T. Evaluation of the effect of a 3rd GnRH injection administered six days after the 2nd GnRH injection of Ovsynch on the reproductive performance of Japanese black cows. J Vet Sci, 2008; 9: 273-279. [DOI:10.4142/jvs.2008.9.3.273] [PMID] []
18. Geisert RD., Morgan GL., Short Jr EC. and Zavy MT. Endocrine events associated with endometrial function and conceptus development in cattle. Reprod Fertil, 1992; 4: 301-305. [DOI:10.1071/RD9920301] [PMID]
19. Geary TW., Ansotegui RP., MacNeil MD., Roberts AJ. and Waterman RC. Effects of flunixin meglumine on pregnancy establishment in beef cattle. J Anim Sci, published online November 20, 2009.
20. Guilbault LA., Thatcher WW., Drost M. and Haibel GK. Influence of a physiological infusion of prostaglandin F2α into postpartum cows with partially suppressed endogenous production of prostaglandins: 1. Uterine and ovarian morphological responses. Theriogenology, 1987; 27: 931-946. [DOI:10.1016/0093-691X(87)90215-9]
21. Gumen A. and Wiltbank MC. Length of progesterone exposure needed to resolve large follicle an ovular condition in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 2005; 63: 202-218. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.04.009] [PMID]
22. Hansen PJ., Younquist RS. and Threlfall WR. (eds) Current therapy in large animal theriogenology, 2 nd ed., Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO, 2007; PP: 431-441.
23. Hansen PJ. and Arechiga CF. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. J Dairy Sci, 1999; 82: 36-50.
24. Hansel SW., Larson LL., Laster D., Wagner JF. and Braun RK. Influence of human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Pregnancy rates in lactating dairy and beef cows. J Dairy sci, 1976; 59(4). [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84269-5] [PMID]
25. Hosmer DW. and Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York, USA: Wiley, 1989. [DOI:10.2307/2531779]
26. Inskeep EK. Preovulatory, postovulatory, and post maternal recognition effects of concentrations of progesterone on embryonic survival in the cow. J Anim Sci, 2004; 82 (E-Suppl): E24-E39. [DOI:10.2527/2004.8213_supplE24x] [PMID]
27. Kasimanickam R., Gold J., Moore D., Kastelic JP., Pyrdek D. and Ratzgurg K. Injectable or transdermal flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rates in embryo transfer recipient beef cows without altering to estrus. Theriogenology, 2019; 140: 8-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.011] [PMID]
28. Kasimanickam R., Hall JB., Estill CT., Kastelic JP., Josheph C., Abdol Aziz RL., et al. flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rate in embryo recipient beef cows with an excitable temperament. Theriogenology, 2018; 107: 70-77. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.043] [PMID]
29. Kamran K., Ekrami ZA., Ghasemzadeh-Nava B., Tajik H., Bolourchi P. and Tamadon MH. Effect of post- insemination of flunixin meglumine on Corpus luteum maintenance and plasma progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate in heat stressed Holstein dairy cows. J Anim Vet Adv, 2011; 10 (16): 2176-2180. [DOI:10.3923/javaa.2011.2176.2180]
30. Kidder HE., Black WG., Wiltbank JN., Ulberg LC. and Casida LE. Fertilization rates and embryonic death rates in cows bred to bulls of different levels of fertility. J Dairy Sci, 1954; 691-697. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(54)91314-4]
31. Kraevskiy AY., Sokolyuk VM. and Travetskyi MO. Application of Surfagon and Ketaprofen for increasing fertility and preventing embryonic death in cows after insemination. Ukrainian J Ecol, 2020; 10(4): 159-164. [DOI:10.15421/2020_183] [PMID]
32. Lopez H., Satter LD. and Wiltbank MC. Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci, 2004; 81: 209-223. [DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.10.009] [PMID]
33. Lucy MC. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: Where will it end? J Dairy Sci, 2001; 84: 1277-1293. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70158-0] [PMID]
34. Mann GE., Fray MD. and Lamming GE. Effects of time of progesterone supplementation on embryo development and interferon-tau production in the cow. Vet J, 2006; 171: 500-503. [DOI:10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.12.005] [PMID]
35. Merrill ML., Ansotegui RP., Burns PD., MacNeil MD. and Geary TW. Effects of flunixin meglumine and transportation stress on pregnancy establishment in beef cows. J Anim Sci, 2005; 85: 1547-1554. [DOI:10.2527/jas.2006-587] [PMID]
36. Nishigai M., Kamomae H., Tanaka T. and Kaneda Y. Improvement of pregnancy rate in Japanese Black cows by administration of hCG to recipients of transferred frozen-thawed embryos. Theriogenology, 2002; 58: 1597-1606. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01062-2] [PMID]
37. NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th revised edition, Washington, DC: Natl Acad Sci, 2001.
38. Odens Vik KH. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin and its effect on prostaglandin F2α metabolite concentrations after oral and intravenous administration in heifers. J Vet Pharmacol Therap, 1995; 18: 254-259. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00589.x] [PMID]
39. Purcell SH., Beal WE. and Gray KR. Effect of a CIDR insert and flunixin meglumine, administered at the time of embryo transfer, on pregnancy rate and resynchronization of estrus in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 2005; 64: 867-878. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.12.015] [PMID]
40. Perry GA., Smith MF., Lucy MC., Green JA., Parks TE., MacNeil MD., et al. Relationship between follicle size at insemination and pregnancy success. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2005; 102: 5268-5273. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0501700102] [PMID] []
41. Raja Mahendran R. and Sianangama PC. Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. J Reprod Fertil, 1992; 95:577-584. [DOI:10.1530/jrf.0.0950577] [PMID]
42. Rensis F., Valentini R., Gorrieri F., Bottarelli E. and Lopez-Gatius F. Inducing ovulation with hCG improves the fertility of dairy cows during the warm season. Theriogenology, 2008; 69(9): 1077-1082. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.01.020] [PMID]
43. Roberts RM., Xie S., and Mathialagan N. Maternal recognition of pregnancy. Biol Reprod, 1996; 54: 294-302. [DOI:10.1095/biolreprod54.2.294] [PMID]
44. Roberts RM., Cross JC. and Leman DW. Interferons as hormones of pregnancy. Endocrine Rev, 1992; 13: 432-452.
https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-13-3-432 [DOI:10.1210/er.13.3.432] [PMID]
45. Rossetti RC., Perdigão A., Mesquita FS., Sá Filho M., Nogueira GD.P, Machado R., et al. Effects of flunixin meglumine, recombinant bovine somatotropin and/ or human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy rates in Nelore cows. Theriogenology, 2011; 76(4): 751-758. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.04.008] [PMID]
46. Sangsritavong S., Combs DK., Sartori R., Armentano LE. and Wiltbank MC. High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17beta in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 2002; 85: 2831-2842. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74370-1] [PMID]
47. Sianangama PC. and Raja Mahendran R. Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin administered at specific times following breeding on milk progesterone and pregnancy in cows. Theriogenology, 1992; 38:85-96. [DOI:10.1016/0093-691X(92)90220-L] [PMID]
48. Scenna FN., Hockett ME., Towns TM., Saxton MA., Rohrbach NR., Wehrman ME., et al. Influence of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor administered at embryo transfer on pregnancy rates of recipient cows. Prostaglandins Another Lipid Mediat, 2005; 78: 38-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2005.02.003] [PMID]
49. Schmitt EJP., Diaz TM., Barros C., de la Sota RL., Drost M., Fredriksson EW., et al. Differential response of luteal phase and fertility in cattle following ovulation of the first - wave follicle with human chorionic gonadotropin or an agonist of gonadotropin- releasing hormone. J Anim Sci, 1996a; 74:1074-1083. [DOI:10.2527/1996.7451074x] [PMID]
50. Schmitt EJ., Barros PCM., Fields PA., Fields MJ., Diaz T., Kluge JM., et al. A cellular and endocrine characterization of the original and induced corpus luteum after administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin on day five of the estrous cycle. J Anim Sci, 1996b; 74: 1915-1929. [DOI:10.2527/1996.7481915x] [PMID]
51. Sreenan JM. and Diskin MG. The extent and timing of embryonic mortality in cattle. In: Sree nan JM, Diskin, M.G., editors. Embryonic mortality in farm animals. Brussels: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986; 142-158. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-5038-2]
52. Satterfield MC., Bazer FW. and Spencer TE. Progesterone regulation of preimplantation conceptus growth and galectin 15 (LGALS15) in the ovine uterus. Biol Reprod, 2006; 75: 289-296. [DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.106.052944] [PMID]
53. Stevenson JS., Phatak AP., Rettmer I. and Stewart RE. Post insemination administration of receptal: Follicular dymics, duration of cycle, hormonal responses, and pregnancy rates. J Dairy Sci, 1993; 76: 2536-2547. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77589-X] [PMID]
54. Stevenson JS., Portaluppi MA., Ten House DE, Lloyd A., Eborn DR., Kacuba S., and et al. Interventions after artificial insemination: conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone. J Dairy Sci, 2007; 90: 331-340. [DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)72634-6] [PMID]
55. Santos JE., Thatcher WW., Pool L. and Overton MW. Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproductive performance of high producing lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 2001; 79: 2881-2894. [DOI:10.2527/2001.79112881x] [PMID]
56. Shapiro SS. and Wilk M. Analysis of variance test for normality. Biometrika, 1965; 52; 591-601. [DOI:10.2307/2333709]
57. Singh H., Agarwal S., Singh P., Kumar S., Verma PK. and Pandey AK. Effects of hCG administration at day 6 of the estrous cycle on follicular and luteal studies of repeat breeder cross-bred cow. J Entomol Zool Stud, 2020; 8(4): 1326-1330.
58. Tahir Karasashin HA., Fatam S., Sukru D. and Huseyn A. effect of flunixin meglumine during and after embryo transfer on pregnancy rate in cattle. 2021, reprod domes anim. [DOI:10.1111/rda.14019] [PMID]
59. Thatcher WW., Staples CR., Danet-Desnoyers G., Oldick B. and Schmitt EP. Embryo health and mortality in sheep and cattle. J Anim Sci, 72(3): 1994; 16-30. [DOI:10.2527/1994.72suppl_316x]
60. Thatcher WW., Guzeloglu A., Mattos R., Binelli M., Hansen TR. and Pru JK. Uterine conceptus interactions and reproductive failure in cattle. Theriogenology, 2001; 56: 1435-1450. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00645-8] [PMID]
61. Thatcher WW. and Collier RJ. Morrow DA (ed) Current therapy in theriogenology, 2nd ed, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986.
62. Vasconcelos JL., Sartori R., Oliveira HN., Guenther JG. and Wiltbank MC. Reduction in size of the ovulatory follicle reduces subsequent luteal size and pregnancy rate. Theriogenology, 2001; 56: 307-314. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00565-9] [PMID]
63. Walker RS., Burns PD., Engle TE., Sides GE. and Zalesky DD. Effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration on artificial insemination pregnancy rates in beef heifers. Prof Anim Sci, 2005; 21(5): 361-364. [DOI:10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31233-X]
64. Wise ME., Rodriguez RE., Armstrong DV., Huber JT., Wiersma F. and Hunter R. Fertility and hormonal responses to temporary relief of heat stress in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 1988; 29: 1027. [DOI:10.1016/S0093-691X(88)80026-8] [PMID]
65. Wiltbank M., Lopez H., Sartori R., Sangsritavong S. and Gumen A. Changes in reproductive physiology of lactating dairy cows due to elevated steroid metabolism. Theriogenology, 2006; 65: 17-29. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.10.003] [PMID]
66. Wolfenson D., Thatcher WW., Badinga L., Savio JD., Meidan R., Lew BJ., et al. Effect of heat stress on follicular development during the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cattle. Biol Reprod, 1995; 52: 1106-1113. [DOI:10.1095/biolreprod52.5.1106] [PMID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |