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Estabreghi E, Sadeghpour M, Ansari A, Emadabadi R, Fazli E. Diagnosis of Bladder Stones in Kurdish Stallions Using Ultrasound, Effective Surgical Approach, and Laboratory Analysis of Bladder Stones. J Altern Vet Med 2024; 7 (23) :1354-1367
URL: http://joavm.kazerun.iau.ir/article-1-202-en.html

Background and aim: Stones of varying size and number are formed in the bladder due to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Stones can form in any part of the urinary tract and often do not cause significant disease, although they can contribute to the development of pyelonephritis and chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate a bladder stone expelled from the bladder and a novel surgical technique in a Kurdish stallion with an approach to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of urine samples in vitro.
Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on a one-year-old, eight-month-old stallion weighing approximately 250-300 kg with symptoms of urinary incontinence, tenesmus, hematuria, general weakness, dehydration, and restlessness, referred to the Goharpark Large Animal Clinic in Sirjan, Kerman Province. After clinical and ultrasonographic examinations, the patient was found to have urinary incontinence. Then, clinical and transvaginal examinations revealed a hyperechoic mass in the bladder. Then, the patient was prepared for transvaginal ultrasonography of the presence of a hyperechoic mass in cystotomy surgery using the celiotomy approach in a standard manner.
Results: After performing bladder tissue surgery, a relatively large stone measuring 95×175 mm and weighing approximately 274 grams, which was type (II) and smooth, was gently separated from the bladder mucosa. After sending it to the laboratory and analyzing the composition of the stone, it was reported to include 30% oxalate - 45% calcium - 15% amorphous phosphate - 10% magnesium. After 10 days and appropriate postoperative care, symptoms of improvement were achieved. Correct diagnosis of the type of urinary stones and timely and standard surgical intervention prevent urinary obstruction problems in Kurdish foals.
Conclusion: In this study, ultrasonography and cystoscopy examination provide the clinician with useful information such as the number and type of stones, patency of the ureter, and the presence and severity of cystitis. The rate of stone formation in the kidney, ureter, urethra, and bladder varies. Measurement of dietary calcium, keeping the horse's urine acidic, avoiding steroids, and providing vitamin C in the diet can prevent stone formation.